handwritten apple serial number finally forensic

Firstly, the original tampered image is segmented into nonoverlapping and irregular superpixels, and the superpixels are classified into smooth, texture and strong texture based on local information entropy. In this paper, we propose a new keypoint-based copy-move forgery detection for small smooth regions. It is a challenging work to design a keypoint-based method for detecting forgeries involving small smooth regions. But unfortunately, they usually do not work well if smooth background areas are used to hide small objects, as image keypoints cannot be extracted effectively from those areas. Keypoint based approaches exhibit remarkable performance with respect to computational cost, memory requirement, and robustness. Keypoint based copy-move forgery detection approaches extract image feature points and use local visual features, rather than image blocks, to identify duplicated regions.

This study also describes the technological challenges faced by such banknote recognition techniques and presents future directions of research to overcome them.Ĭopy-move forgery is one of the most common types of image forgeries, where a region from one part of an image is copied and pasted onto another part, thereby concealing the image content in the latter region. Techniques used in each of the four areas recognize banknote information (denomination, serial number, authenticity, and physical condition) based on image or sensor data, and are actually applied to banknote processing machines across the world. While to a limited extent some surveys have been presented in previous studies in the areas of banknote recognition or counterfeit banknote recognition, this paper is the first of its kind to review all four areas.

This paper presents studies that have been conducted in four major areas of research (banknote recognition, counterfeit banknote detection, serial number recognition, and fitness classification) in the accurate banknote recognition field by various sensors in such automated machines, and describes the advantages and drawbacks of the methods presented in those studies. While performing transactions with real money, touching and counting notes by hand, is still a common practice in daily life, various types of automated machines, such as ATMs and banknote counters, are essential for large-scale and safe transactions. Despite a decrease in the use of currency due to the recent growth in the use of electronic financial transactions, real money transactions remain very important in the global market.

Handwritten apple serial number finally forensic